Khoom Taw Qhia

Copper tinplate paj thiab nplooj kho kom zoo nkauj silica sol peev castings

tooj dag tau tshwm sim los ntawm 10 txhiab BC rau 9 txhiab BC. Txog tam sim no, cov khoom siv tooj liab ntxov tshaj plaws nyob hauv lub ntiaj teb no feem ntau yog nyob rau sab hnub poob Asia, xws li thaj chaw Zawi Chemi hauv Iraq, qhov chaw uas pom tooj liab ornaments, yos txij li 10 txhiab BC txog 9 txhiab BC; Copper ornaments kuj tau pom nyob rau hauv cheeb tsam Ali Kashi nyob rau sab hnub poob Iran, yos los ntawm 9 txhiab BC txog 7 txhiab BC.

Cov koob tooj liab thiab lub khob hliav qab tau pom nyob rau ntawm Chayoni qhov chaw nyob rau yav qab teb Qaib Cov Txwv, rov qab mus txog li 8, 000 BC. Cov khoom siv tooj liab no yog txhua yam ua los ntawm ntuj liab tooj liab, tsis yog tooj liab tau los ntawm smelting ore. Los ntawm kev siv cov tooj liab ntshiab, mus rau smelting ntawm tooj liab ore kom tau ntshiab tooj liab, thiab tom qab ntawd mus rau smelting ntawm bronze alloy, tib neeg tau ntsib ib lub sij hawm ntev ntawm groping, ib yam li tsim lub sparkling lub sij hawm tunnel nrog tooj liab me ntsis los ntawm me ntsis. lub ntiaj teb tej yam yees siv. Qhov ntxov tshaj plaws siv tooj dag los cam khwb cia nyiaj hauv Suav teb pib nyob rau hauv Jiajing lub sij hawm ntawm Ming Dynasty. Lo lus " tooj dag" thawj zaug tshwm sim hauv Shen Yi Jing Zhong Huang Jing sau los ntawm Dong Fangshuo nyob rau sab hnub poob Han Dynasty: "Muaj ib lub palace nyob rau sab qaum teb hnub poob, nrog tooj dag li phab ntsa, thiab lub npe yog Palace ntawm Dihuang." Dab tsi ntawm tooj liab alloy no "tooj dag" hais txog qhov tseem yuav tau sim. Phau Ntawv Tshiab Tang Dynasty tseem hu ua "bronze" thiab "bronze", uas yog xa mus rau cov xim ntawm ore thiab smelting cov khoom feem, tsis yog tam sim no tooj liab-tin alloy thiab tooj liab-zinc alloy. Nyob rau hauv Daye Fu, sau los ntawm Hong Zikui, ib tug kws sau paj huam Dynasty, muaj lwm lo lus hais tias, "Nws yog tooj dag, thiab lub qhov dej muaj lub npe tshwj xeeb, thiab cov roob muaj ntau heev thiab tiaj", uas yog hais txog cov tooj liab ntshiab refined los ntawm pyrometallurgy.

Lo lus tooj dag hais txog tooj liab-zinc alloy, uas pib hauv Ming Dynasty, thiab nws cov ntaub ntawv tuaj yeem pom hauv Ming Hui Dian: "Hauv Jiajing, muaj ib qho piv txwv, Tongbao nyiaj yog 6 lab yuan, thiab 47,272 Jin ntawm hluav taws thib ob. Cov tooj dag siv ..." Los ntawm kev tshuaj xyuas ntawm cov nyiaj npib tooj liab nyob rau hauv Ming Dynasty, nws pom tau tias cov tooj dag nyob rau hauv qhov tseeb ntawm casting nyiaj hais nyob rau hauv Ming Hui Dian tau tshwm sim ntau dua li lwm cov tooj liab alloys, vim nws yog. nyuaj kom tau txais zinc hauv tooj dag. Zinc oxide tuaj yeem txo tau sai sai rau cov hlau zinc ntawm qhov kub ntawm 950 degree -1000 degree, thaum cov kua zinc tau boiled ntawm 906 degree, yog li cov hlau zinc tau los ntawm kev txo qis tshwm sim li vapor. Thaum txias, cov tshuaj tiv thaiv yog thim rov qab, thiab cov vapor zinc yog oxidized rau zinc oxide los ntawm carbon dioxide nyob rau hauv lub cub tawg, yog li nws yuav tsum muaj ib tug tshwj xeeb condensation ntaus ntawv kom tau metallic zinc. Qhov no yog vim li cas zinc siv ntau tom qab tooj liab, txhuas, tin thiab hlau, thiab nws kuj yog ib qho laj thawj vim li cas tooj liab npib tshwm tom qab. Txawm li cas los xij, cov tooj dag thiab cov raj tooj dag uas muaj ntau tshaj 20% zinc tau pom nyob rau hauv Yangshao kab lis kev cai hauv Jiangzhai, thiab ob hom tooj dag cones kuj tau pom hauv Longshan kab lis kev cai hauv Sanlihe, Jiaoxian County, Shandong Province. Obviously, cov tsos ntawm cov khoom tooj dag no tsis txhais tau hais tias tib neeg tau paub txog kev siv tshuab smelting ntawm tooj dag nyob rau hauv prehistoric lub sij hawm, tab sis hais tias cov neeg inadvertently tau txais nws thaum siv tooj liab-zinc symbiotic ore. Cov ntsiab lus zinc ntawm bronze wares hauv Shang thiab Zhou dynasties yog tsawg heev, feem ntau nyob rau hauv qhov kev txiav txim ntawm 10-z. Nyob rau sab hnub poob Han Dynasty thiab New Mang Dynasty, muaj qee cov npib tshwj xeeb ntawm tooj liab thiab zinc, thiab cov ntsiab lus ntawm zinc hauv qee cov npib tau nce mus txog 7%, tab sis qhov no tsis tau txhais hais tias cov npib tooj dag tau tsim thaum lub sijhawm New Mang. Dynasty nyob rau hauv Western Han Dynasty. Vim tias cov tooj liab-zinc alloys yog qhov tshwm sim tsis tshua muaj tshwm sim, lawv cov ntsiab lus zinc feem ntau me dua li ntawm tooj dag hauv qhov tseeb, uas yog 15% -40%. Yog li ntawd, peb xav tias cov nyiaj npib tooj liab uas muaj zinc tau tsim thaum tooj liab-zinc symbiotic minerals tau siv nyob rau hauv "lub roob casting nyiaj" nyob rau hauv Han Dynasty. Raws li kev tshawb nrhiav ntawm cov mines uas cuam tshuam, nws pom tias muaj ntau cov tooj liab-zinc symbiotic mines hauv Changwei, Yantai, Linyi thiab Hubei hauv xeev Shandong, uas ua rau cov tooj liab smelted muaj zinc me me. Nyob rau hauv lub Tang Dynasty, vim hais tias ntawm standardization ntawm cov ntaub ntawv rau npib casting, cov ntsiab lus ntawm zinc nyob rau hauv npib yog tas li.

Cov khoom siv tooj dag tau nrov hauv Tebchaws Europe txog 300 xyoo txij li xyoo 1230, vim tias lawv pheej yig dua li cov duab puab loj. Tus pej thuam bronze ntawm Archbishop Wilp, uas tuag hauv 1231, yog lub npe hu ua bronze pej thuam ua los ntawm tooj dag. Cov txheej txheem ntawm cov khoom siv tooj dag yog raws li hauv qab no: ua ntej, cov zinc ore crushed, charcoal thiab tooj liab thaiv yog sib tov thiab rhuab los ua ke zinc thiab tooj liab, ces cov alloy yog melted los ntawm cua sov, thiab ces cov tooj liab kua yog poured rau hauv pwm. Cov khoom siv tooj dag ntxov tshaj plaws hauv tebchaws Askiv tau raug xa tawm, feem ntau yog los ntawm Tourne. Tus neeg thov tuaj yeem xaj kom tiav tombstones los ntawm Tourne uas tau teeb tsa hauv cov plag tsev zoo nkauj lossis marble hauv paus. Txoj hauv kev los ua ib lub pob zeb tooj liab yog txhawm rau nrum tus pej thuam bronze ua ntej, thiab feem ntau cam khwb cia lub silhouette ntawm ib puag ncig lub tsev, thiab tom qab ntawd muab tso rau hauv ib lub slate prefabricated, thiab siv rab riam los kos cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov neeg ntawm tus pej thuam bronze. Qee zaum alabaster lossis lwm yam ntaub ntawv inlay yog siv rau tes thiab ntsej muag ntawm cov mlom tooj liab. Tom qab tus pej thuam bronze tiav zoo, nws yog tsau rau ntawm lub hauv paus pob zeb nrog ib tug zais tus pin ntsia rau hauv ib tug txhuas bolt. Tus pej thuam bronze nws tus kheej yog muab tso rau ntawm ib txheej ntawm asphalt. Cov bronze loj loj yog cam khwb cia nyob rau hauv seem thiab ces sib koom ua ke.

Peb yog cov chaw tsim khoom ntawm Copper tinplate paj thiab nplooj kho kom zoo nkauj silica sol peev castings, yog tias koj xav tau cov ntaub ntawv ntxiv thov hu rau peb!

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